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Nausea: A comprehensive review of causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options
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Nausea is a common and debilitating symptom that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a subjective feeling of discomfort or unease in the stomach, often accompanied by a sensation of queasiness or vomiting. Nausea can be acute or chronic, and its causes can range from mild to life-threatening. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive review of nausea, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Causes of Nausea
Nausea can be caused by a wide range of factors, including:
1. Gastrointestinal Disorders: Conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can cause nausea.
2. Infections: Viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, such as food poisoning, stomach flu, and malaria, can cause nausea.
3. Medications: Certain medications, such as antibiotics, painkillers, and chemotherapy, can cause nausea as a side effect.
4. Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause can cause nausea.
5. Motion Sickness: Travelling by car, boat, or plane can cause motion sickness, leading to nausea.
6. Anxiety and Stress: Anxiety and stress can cause nausea, especially in people with a history of anxiety disorders.
7. Neurological Disorders: Conditions such as migraines, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease can cause nausea.
8. Cancer and Chemotherapy: Cancer and chemotherapy can cause nausea, especially in the first few days after treatment.
Symptoms of Nausea
The symptoms of nausea can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include:
1. Feeling of Queasiness: A feeling of unease or discomfort in the stomach.
2. Vomiting: Forceful expulsion of stomach contents.
3. Dizziness and Lightheadedness: Feeling faint or dizzy.
4. Abdominal Pain: Pain or discomfort in the abdomen.
5. Loss of Appetite: Decreased interest in food.
6. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak.
7. Headaches: Headaches can occur due to dehydration or stress.
Diagnosis of Nausea
Diagnosing nausea can be challenging, as it can be caused by a wide range of factors. A healthcare professional will typically:
1. Take a medical history: Ask questions about symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle.
2. Perform a physical exam: Check for signs of dehydration, abdominal tenderness, and other physical symptoms.
3. Order diagnostic tests: Run tests to rule out underlying conditions, such as blood tests, imaging studies, or endoscopy.
Treatment options for nausea
Treatment options for nausea depend on the underlying cause, but common treatments include:
1. Medications: Anti-nausea medications, such as ondansetron, metoclopramide, or promethazine.
2. Lifestyle Changes: Avoiding triggers, eating small meals, staying hydrated, and getting plenty of rest.
3. Alternative Therapies: Acupuncture, acupressure, or herbal remedies, such as ginger or peppermint oil.
4. Dietary Changes: Avoiding spicy, fatty, or heavy foods, and eating bland foods, such as crackers or toast.
Conclusion
Nausea is a common and debilitating symptom that can be caused by a wide range of factors. Understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for nausea can help healthcare professionals provide effective care and relief for patients. By recognising the complexity of nausea and taking a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment, we can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
News
NPP stages massive “Democracy Under Attack” Demo In Accra

The New Patriotic Party (NPP) on Wednesday, August 6, 2026, staged a massive nationwide protest in Accra dubbed “Democracy Under Attack” to register its displeasure over what it describes as threats to Ghana’s democratic governance and justice system.
The demonstration commenced at 5:00 a.m., with hundreds of party supporters, executives and sympathizers gathering at the forecourt of the Supreme Court before marching through principal streets of the capital.
Ahead of the protest, the NPP National Steering Committee directed Regional, Constituency and Polling Station Executives in Greater Accra to work closely to mobilize members and supporters for the event.
Led by General Secretary Justin Kodua Frimpong, the protesters presented their first petition at the Supreme Court.
The five-page petition was received by Judicial Secretary, Musah Ahmed, on behalf of the Chief Justice.
He assured the party leadership that the document would be delivered to the Chief Justice.
At the Jubilee House, Presidential Staffer Nana Yaa Jantuah received the second petition on behalf of the President.
However, the gesture did not sit well with some party leaders.
Majority Leader, Alexander Afenyo-Markin, who also presented a petition, expressed disappointment at the government’s representation.
“Electing only Nana Yaa Jantuah to receive the petition on behalf of the government was an insult and did not show respect,” he said.
According to him, “It meant government did not place premium on the Democracy Under Attack demonstration.”
Speeches and Concerns Raised
Addressing the crowd, MP for Akuapem North, Sammy Awuku criticized what he called the criminalization of free speech.
“Arresting citizens for just insults doesn’t strengthen Ghana’s democracy,” he stated.
Dennis Miracles Aboagye, an embattled National Communications Director hopeful, also spoke about the climate of fear.
“Democracy under attack demo: I love to speak but right now I am afraid,” he told journalists.
One protester, a local trader, shared her frustration about the state of Ghana’s economy as she joined the march. She said the rising cost of living and governance issues compelled her to hit the streets.
The NPP leadership expressed appreciation to its members, civil society organizations and other political parties for cooperating fully to ensure a successful and peaceful event.
The “Democracy Under Attack” demonstration forms part of the party’s response to concerns it has raised over issues relating to Ghana’s democratic governance, rule of law and the justice system.
Security was tight but calm throughout the march, with no major incidents reported.
By Edem Mensah-Tsotorme
News
GACL introduces hotline and “mystery shopping” to fight airport extortion

The Ghana Airports Company Limited (GACL) has announced new measures to stop extortion and begging by airport personnel at airports under its management.
The decision was taken at a high-level stakeholder facilitation meeting held in Accra on Wednesday, August 5, 2026.
In a press statement issued after the meeting, GACL said stakeholders agreed to introduce a “mystery shopping” system in which individuals would secretly assess the conduct of airport personnel.
According to the statement, workers found engaging in extortion would be publicly identified through appropriate media channels as part of a “name and shame” campaign aimed at discouraging the practice and promoting accountability.
GACL said staff found guilty would face disciplinary action and would no longer be allowed to work at any airport or within its surroundings.
The company also announced a dedicated hotline, 0542175636, through which passengers can report extortion by airport officials and service providers by phone call, WhatsApp or SMS.
The statement said reports should include the date and time of the incident, the name of the officer, the agency involved and the location where the incident occurred.
GACL said the hotline covers personnel from several agencies and companies operating at the airports, including the Ghana Immigration Service, Customs, the Ghana Civil Aviation Authority, the Ghana Police Service, National Security, airlines, ground handling companies, private security firms and airport concessionaires such as shops and restaurants.
The company reminded passengers that they have the right to ask any airport official to show an Airport Identification Card before dealing with them.
It advised travellers to request receipts for all payments made at the airport and to report any suspicious transaction through the hotline.
GACL said it was working together with airport stakeholders to improve standards at the airports and protect Ghana’s image.
The company added that public cooperation in reporting unacceptable conduct would help strengthen confidence in the country’s airports and support efforts to position Ghana as a
leading aviation hub in West Africa.
By: Jacob Aggrey




