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 Carcinoma: A comprehensive overview of the disease

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 Carcinomais a type of cancer that orig­inates in epithelial cells, which are the cells that form the lining of organs and glands.

It is the most common type of cancer, accounting for ap­proximately 90 per cent of all cancer cases. Carcinoma can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breast, colon, and prostate.

Types of Carcinoma

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, each with distinct characteristics and prognoses. Some of the most common types of carcinoma include:

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1. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma origi­nates in the squamous cells, which are the flat, thin cells that form the lining of organs and glands.

2 : This type of carcinoma originates in the glandular cells, which are the cells that form the lining of glands and organs.

3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the basal cells, which are the cells that form the lining of the skin and other organs.

4. Transitional cell carcino­ma: This type of carcinoma originates in the transitional cells, which are the cells that form the lining of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis.

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Causes and risk factors

The exact causes of carcino­ma are not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified. These in­clude:

1. Genetic mutations: Carcinoma can be caused by genetic mutations, which can be inherited or acquired.

2. Environmental factors: Exposure to environmental carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing carcinoma.

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3. Age: The risk of develop­ing carcinoma increases with age.

4. Family history: A fami­ly history of carcinoma can increase an individual’s risk of developing the disease.

Symptoms and diagnosis

The symptoms of carcinoma can vary depending on the location and type of cancer. Common symptoms include:

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1. Unexplained weight loss

2. Fatigue

3. Pain

4. Changes in bowel or blad­der habits

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5. Unusual bleeding or dis­charge

Carcinoma is typically diag­nosed using a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, and biopsy, which involves remov­ing a sample of tissue for ex­amination under a microscope.

Treatment Options

The treatment options for carcinoma depend on the type, location, and stage of the cancer. Common treat­ment options include:

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1. Surgery: Surgery is often used to remove the cancerous tumor and surrounding tissue.

2. Chemotherapy: Chemo­therapy involves using medica­tions to kill cancer cells.

3. Radiation therapy: Radi­ation therapy involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

4. Targeted therapy: Target­ed therapy involves using med­ications that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression.

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Prevention and early de­tection

Preventing carcinoma in­volves avoiding known risk fac­tors, such as tobacco smoke and environmental carcino­gens, and getting regular can­cer screenings. Early detection of carcinoma can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Conclusion

Carcinoma is a complex and multifaceted disease that requires a comprehensive approach to diagnosis, treat­ment, and prevention. By understanding the causes, risk factors, symptoms, and treat­ment options for carcinoma, individuals can take steps to reduce their risk of developing the disease and improve their chances of successful treat­ment.

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References:

1. “Carcinoma” by the American Cancer Society

2. “Carcinoma: A Review of the Literature” by the National Cancer Institute

3. “Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention” by the World Health Organi­zation

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Features

The Herbal Preacher man (1)

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THE typical itinerant salesman in Sikaman is a herbalist. He is normally a slim macho with the capacity to perambulate the expanse of area covering the triangle of Accra-Tema-Ashiaman. In short, he can walk a total of 60 miles a day, marketing a product that cures every disease, including poverty. 

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The door-to-door herbal pharmacist advertises his product by word of mouth. He has nothing to do with the Food and Drugs Board (FDB). After all, his concoctions do not feature on FM stations.

Those herbalists who cannot walk to propagate the herbal gospel, liaise with drivers of mass transportation and their mates. They are, therefore, given the chance to sell their products on Benz buses that ply the routes.

Normally, the herbalist starts his sales message with a prayer and Bible study. He asks the passengers to bow down their heads in supplication to God the father, the son, the Holy Spirit.

When a herbalist asks the passengers to close their eyes and bow their heads, Moslems on board naturally feel offended. They feel that the herbalist has no right to assume that every passenger is a Christian. They think such an assumption is an affront to Islam.

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So a Moslem on board will raise the hand for a point of order. He’ll remind the herbalist that it would be in his own interest to mind his language.

“Be careful the way you address people in a public place. Not every person here is a Christian,” he’d state assertively.

Of course, the herbalist will promptly ignore him, but would all the same “watch” his tongue. Who knows whether or not the Moslem brother is inspired by Quoranic zeal to defend the tenets of Islam to the hilt?

When he starts saying, “Wallahi!” and “Inshallah!” it could be the beginning of proclaiming Islam as supreme, a point which must be driven home with talibanic precision.

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So the herbalist must tread carefully lest he steps on fire.

The herbalist could even add a measure of mirth to it all, by announcing that Christians on board today have very interesting company on the journey, but that should not detract from the business of the day. 

The Moslem brother will weigh the words carefully and offer a wry smile.

He must be careful the occasion does not degenerate into the use of semantics and proverbial oration to deride his conviction that public utterances must be mindful of religious sensibilities. He has made his point very clear and expects that it is taken in good faith in the interest of a peaceful journey.

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The herbalist will now open the New Testament and preach salvation, stating clearly that salvation can come only through Jesus Christ and NOBODY else.

The Moslem brother will now start twitching his moustache. The visible and almost revolutionary reflexes of his upper lip can be an indication that sentiments have begun superseding reason, and the outcome could well be tragic now shift uneasily in his seat. 

The time has come for him to also express his right to the religion of his fore-bears. He’ll put his hand into his pocket and rise to his feet. The time has indeed come!

This article was first published on Saturday, September 9, 2006

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Some issues requiring attention

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When the cause of a particular problem like sickness, disease, sudden illness, a social issue etc. are not known, it stands to reason that resolving it becomes a huge challenge.  

Citizens would understand the government when public announcements are made to the effect that government is trying to find a solution to the issue, even though it is taking a while for it to be resolved because citizens are rational beings.  

On the other hand, if the solution to a particular issue is known to everybody but the government for whatever reason, is dragging its feet in resolving it, citizens become frustrated and begin to lose trust in their leaders.  

One such issue is the heavy traffic along a section of the Kasoa – Odokor road.  A short stretch of bad road between the traffic light at the Weija Government Hospital and the entrance to the entrance of the overhead that leads to the N1, is the cause of the problem but nothing is being done about it, day after day, week after week, month after month.  Thus is clearly unacceptable.

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Another issue that requires urgent attention is the lack of pavements along a lot of streets in parts of the various Municipal Assemblies.   Exercise is a prerequisite for long life and healthy living and for those of us who it has become a way of life, this issue of people putting up structures right to the edge of the drains beside the roads, are making life difficult for us.  

We are compelled to walk along the roads, putting our lives at serious risk.  Pedestrians should never be compelled to compete with vehicles on our streets and roads.  Roads and streets are made for vehicles and pavements are made for pedestrians. That is the norm.  Any attempt to normalise a situation where pedestrians are mingling with vehicles is insanity.  

It is the road regulations that makes it so and therefore district or municipal assemblies are to take responsibility and ensure that spaces for pavements are not encroached upon.  Citizens have rights that must be protected by their leaders and making pavements available to pedestrians, is one of them.

When we hear of teachers having sex with students, it appears it is something recent.  It is not a new phenomenon.  It has been there since Adam.  Perhaps this issue is getting much attention due to the proliferation of social media.  It was an open secret in times past when Teachers were in relationships with female students and some married them immediately after completion of school.  

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Some teachers were also known to be having unholy interactions with female pupils but due to the times that these acts occurred, human rights issues and the awareness around it, allowed such unscrupulous teachers to get away with their crimes. 

Now we are in a different era and so a Headmaster is now in hot waters.  He is alleged to have raped about 19 female students and as usual, some officials tried to cover it up and are also in hot waters and their actions or inactions in the matter are under investigation.

Why the man has been allowed to roam freely without being arrested is simply mind boggling.  It appears that the law applies differently, depending on who you are.  This issue came to public attention sometime in August this year, yet the police had not arrested or invited this man for question regarding the rape allegation.  

It has come out that he is a Constituency Secretary of the ruling party and the question in the public domain is that, is it because he is a political figure that is why he is still walking around without questioning?  I believe in the rule of law so let us hold our breadth and let the proper thing be done.  

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The police must however be seen to be active in this matter.  God bless.

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