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 Carcinoma: A comprehensive overview of the disease

 Carcinomais a type of cancer that orig­inates in epithelial cells, which are the cells that form the lining of organs and glands.

It is the most common type of cancer, accounting for ap­proximately 90 per cent of all cancer cases. Carcinoma can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breast, colon, and prostate.

Types of Carcinoma

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, each with distinct characteristics and prognoses. Some of the most common types of carcinoma include:

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1. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma origi­nates in the squamous cells, which are the flat, thin cells that form the lining of organs and glands.

2 : This type of carcinoma originates in the glandular cells, which are the cells that form the lining of glands and organs.

3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the basal cells, which are the cells that form the lining of the skin and other organs.

4. Transitional cell carcino­ma: This type of carcinoma originates in the transitional cells, which are the cells that form the lining of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis.

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Causes and risk factors

The exact causes of carcino­ma are not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified. These in­clude:

1. Genetic mutations: Carcinoma can be caused by genetic mutations, which can be inherited or acquired.

2. Environmental factors: Exposure to environmental carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing carcinoma.

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3. Age: The risk of develop­ing carcinoma increases with age.

4. Family history: A fami­ly history of carcinoma can increase an individual’s risk of developing the disease.

Symptoms and diagnosis

The symptoms of carcinoma can vary depending on the location and type of cancer. Common symptoms include:

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1. Unexplained weight loss

2. Fatigue

3. Pain

4. Changes in bowel or blad­der habits

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5. Unusual bleeding or dis­charge

Carcinoma is typically diag­nosed using a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, and biopsy, which involves remov­ing a sample of tissue for ex­amination under a microscope.

Treatment Options

The treatment options for carcinoma depend on the type, location, and stage of the cancer. Common treat­ment options include:

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1. Surgery: Surgery is often used to remove the cancerous tumor and surrounding tissue.

2. Chemotherapy: Chemo­therapy involves using medica­tions to kill cancer cells.

3. Radiation therapy: Radi­ation therapy involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.

4. Targeted therapy: Target­ed therapy involves using med­ications that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression.

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Prevention and early de­tection

Preventing carcinoma in­volves avoiding known risk fac­tors, such as tobacco smoke and environmental carcino­gens, and getting regular can­cer screenings. Early detection of carcinoma can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Conclusion

Carcinoma is a complex and multifaceted disease that requires a comprehensive approach to diagnosis, treat­ment, and prevention. By understanding the causes, risk factors, symptoms, and treat­ment options for carcinoma, individuals can take steps to reduce their risk of developing the disease and improve their chances of successful treat­ment.

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References:

1. “Carcinoma” by the American Cancer Society

2. “Carcinoma: A Review of the Literature” by the National Cancer Institute

3. “Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention” by the World Health Organi­zation

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Features

The Cop, press and lost fingers

• The Sikaman policeman’s job is a risky one .....
• The Sikaman policeman’s job is a risky one .....

The job of a policeman, whether he is short or tall, is not a cheap one. He is supposed to keep the peace, protect society and monitor the activities of local magicians and money doublers who are specialists in making civil servants lose their pay within seconds.

Sikaman Palava
Sikaman Palava

By far the most difficult job of the policeman is when he is expected to arrest a murderer who is not only armed but also has a record of ap­pearing and disappearing at will. Even if the tough cop is in the company of other policemen all armed to the teeth, his stomach will turn to water when the criminal suddenly appears.

He is terrified not because the criminal is a better marksman, but because nobody dies twice. The prob­lem also is that a criminal might be prepared to die in a bid to shoot his way to freedom. But is the police-man prepared to risk death in the course of duty when he has a family to rear.

If he had just acquired a new girl­friend with whom he is enjoying life, should he not run away with his tail between his legs and tell his boss that the criminal is uncatchable?

Before some policemen go on pa­trol duties, they actually pray solemn­ly. “God send me into the wilderness and bring me back safely with my nose intact because I’m worth more than a common rat. I also do not want to die like a stray dog. If a bullet is targeted at my forehead, Holy Spirit please let it go over the bar, because six children is not a small palaver. If I die, who will look after them? Lord keep me safe day by day. Amen!”

The Sikaman policeman’s job is a risky one because he is not properly equipped with even a trained dog to help track down criminals easily. So he has to use his own nose judiciously in sniffing out suspects while making sure a bullet doesn’t catch him square on the jaw.

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My friend Sir Kofi Owuo, a.k.a. Death-By-Poverty was telling me jour­nalists are in an even riskier profes­sion. Apparently, he had been reading about the palaver of journalists in places like Algeria and Columbia. Algeria, even women journalists are not spared assassin’s bullet. You’d see them lying in front of their homes with their heads full of bullet holes.

In Columbia, no journalist is safe. When a journalist is leaving home, he has to tell his wife. “Darling, when I don’t come back by 7 p.m. check the mortuary

The drug trade in Columbia has made journalism a profession not worth practising. If you write on cocaine and the harm it is inflicting on society, you’ll certainly receive a phone call.

“Hello, Mr Journalist, your article yesterday was great. Congratulations! We never knew you were such bril­liant writer, championing the cause of society. Again we say congrats! But you know something, by your article, you want to take the bread out of my and that of my family. You don’t want us to beak. We are aggrieved beyond measure”

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“Oh, I was just… “You’d try to say something

“You don’t have to explain. The harm has already been done by your award-winning masterpiece. We have an appointment with you. You’ll hear from us.

Rest In Peace!” After such a phone call, you just have to pray to your soul, sing a hymn or two and get pre­pared fort appointment with death. For, death will surely come

I think pressmen in Sikaman would also have start informing their families appropriately before leaving for work now. “If I don’t come back early, I’m probably at the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of Korle- Bu checking a leakage in my left ear due to a gen­darme slap from an AMA official. If you don’t see me there, track me down to the emergency ward. If you see a newly-made cripple, I’m the one”

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What about referees? These days they are guarded during football matches so that the risk they bear in terms of lost teeth is minimal. For­merly, it used to be a job full of woes and tribulations.

You were expected to oversee a match in such way that would favour a particular team. If that is not done, you’ll get back home and your wife will not recognise you. She’ll mistake you for Frank Bruno who had just lost a bout. When she finally recognises you, she’ll fix some hot water to mas­sage your poor face.

I hear that these days, apart from the protection referees receive, some are well-armed with Damfo Dzai, a kind of jack-knife that can carve a rowdy supporters face in several designs.

My Press Secretary and part-time bodyguard Devine Ankamah, was tell­ing me if he happens to be a referee, he’d surely carry a Kalashnikov AK 47 rifle with him, complete with loaded magazine, before officiating matches. According to him, that is the only way to do the job without fear or favour. Anyone dares will lose his jaw.

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Anyway, risky jobs require good remuneration. As Kwame Korkorti once said, risky jobs require risky salary. A policeman would require a good pay so that when a criminal targets his left ear it would be worth the ‘am­putation’. Same for journalists and cameramen.

But go round private workplaces and factories and you’d see really risky occupations where workers are receiving salaries they can’t see with the naked eye.

In fact, in some private workplac­es, environmental safety is completely absent. Workers breathe in fumes, poisonous gases and risk lung and respiratory problems. Their employ­ers do nothing about protecting them against these hazards. Check out their payer.

In other places, workers have their fingers chopped off on the job, some losing as many as four fingers in stretch. The compensation they get can best be described as “wicked”. Their employers live big, chop big, ride big but are not willing to pay more than ¢120,000 for lost fingers.

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Actually the more fingers you lose, the more money you get. So if you intend losing your fingers on the job, it is advisable to lose as many as pos­sible so that you can get more cash. Those who have lost one finger have not benefited much and are encour­aged to lose more next time around.

Sikaman Palava is undertaking to investigate some of these cases of very risky jobs in private setups and companies where workers are being exploited to unnecessarily but not offered protection against health haz­ards, and not properly compensated when they sustain injuries.

This article was first published on Saturday, September 28, 1996

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 Position yourself for God’s blessings

Motivated by the impend­ing 40-day fasting and needless to add prayer programme, preceding the Greater Works Conference scheduled for August in Accra, I would like to draw attention to how believers can receive blessings from God.

There is a scripture in Hebrews 11:5 that “By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translated him: and before his translation, he had this testi­mony that he pleased God”.

This clearly shows that in order to receive blessings from God, you must please God. How can one please God? You can only please God by obeying him and walking in line with God’s word. Just like how chil­dren who obey their parents, enjoy special treatment, so does God deal with his children who obey his word.

There are ways by which peo­ple receive blessings from God and holiness is an important criteria in the whole equation. Holiness is a process and not a one day event.

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It is a mindset borne out of walking in obedience to God’s instructions i.e. his word. In order to have a mindset of living to please God, requires studying God’s word coupled with praying and fasting.

This helps us to develop trust in God by knowing his nature, what he likes and dislikes. This is what will enable us to live to please him and for our faith in him also to increase.

The Bible says in Hebrews 11:6 that “But without faith it is impossible to please him: for he that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him”

Fasting is one of the required criteria for blessings to be re­leased and it goes with prayer because fasting without prayer is just a physical exercise. Fasting enables a person’s inner man to be in tune with the spirit of God and also becomes spiritually empowered to hear from God and also obey God.

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Fasting enables a person’s spirit to feed on God’s word in a much more focused manner as compared to studying God’s word in normal times. As a result our spirit gains the upper hand to dominate the body and the soul, so that we are more conscious of the presence of God in our lives which causes us willingly the desire to live to obey God.

Holiness which is a prerequi­site for pleasing God, can only manifest in our lives if we are able to overcome the desires of the flesh and this only happens when the flesh is subject to the spirit.

Apostle Paul said that “But l keep under my body, and bring it into subjection: lest that by any means when I have preached to others, I myself should not be castaway”, ac­cording to 1 Corinthians 9:27.

In order to bring the body or flesh into subjection so that believers will be able to live to please God, we have to study, God’s word in a certain state of mind which fasting and prayer appropriately provides.

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Our minds are the battle grounds for decisions that either please God or the Devil. In order to please God so his blessings can be released upon our lives, we must continuously engage our minds with thoughts that is in line with God’s word.

Philippians 4:8 says that “Finally Brethren whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue and if there be any praise, think on these things”. May God help us to live to please him by meditat­ing on things that please the Lord, so we shall be blessed in all aspects of our lives. God bless.

NB: ‘CHANGE KOTOKA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT TO KOFI BAAKO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT’

By Laud Kissi-Mensah

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